Supliment Anuar 2/2022

Abstract: Organized, intensive and extensive modernization of Romania started after 1859 and soared after 1878. The new states in the east and south-east of Europe had
to decide which model to follow in terms of geopolotics, economics, culture, military organization etc. In the following, we will detail these perspectives in an attempt to outline these models.
Regardless of stage, moment, pressure, or models, Romania grew constantly. Romanian society took shape gradually, combining influences from both France and Germany. The increments of this growth vary from one stage to another both qualitatively and quantitatively. The result was a Western model of development peppered with features
of European periphery and Orientalism.
It is our belief that the modernization of Romania represents a significant reality as this country’s society undoubtedly grew in every aspect. The level of modernization must be carefully assessed in its context (internal and external) for each domain separately.
Keywords: Romania, modernization, strategic models, backwardness, European periphery.

Abstract: The emergence of innovation and novelty associated with global transformations has impacted the evolution paths throughout history. Because of that, the world transformations can be understood through persistent framings that arise from Industrial Revolutions and minimization of spatiality. From a historical perspective, two
established desktops are identified in persistent framings as dominant in the evolution of the international system and which make the distinction between global transformations and systemic transitions. First, what actor’s experiences in history due to space reduction, much of it resulting from increasing interaction intensity. The second frame emerges from the world reconfiguration based on new hierarchies. Yet, a particular frame in world evolution is identified in transformative changes in space structuration. This perspective describes the historical stages that request a cultural rethinking of the world as an act of social and political resilience to modernity.
In this presentation, we discussed the transition from complex to sophistication as a certain consequence of world transformations. As a syntax, „a sophisticated world” refers to a supra-merging of spatiality. Through that, the syntax of „sophisticated world” mentions: a) a transcendence of international environments and structures; b)
compression of the socio-cultural framework to a point that induces ubiquity; and c) the gap between the coherence of evolutionary explanations and logic of transformation.
Finally, the syntax „a sophisticated world” is about the world’s tendency to assemble into a dense and compact organizational model where the sense of the classical philosophies are dissolved into the size of information fields. This new character of the world is examined to identify its key features and its potential to address the open issues about the redescription of evolutionary patterns.
Keywords: sophisticated world, globalization, international relations, modernity, sophistication.

Abstract: In this article I aim to examine information regarding the occupations of the inhabitants of Romania’s intra-Carpathian space (more specifically, the territories of Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș). This information can be found in the official Hungarian documents issued in the 11th-12th centuries. The article has two parts. In the first part, I review the literature on this subject, based on data identified in some documents of the time, while in the second part, I provide a classification and general presentation of the occupations, which comprised the following categories: agriculture (grain cultivation and livestock farming), beekeeping, hauling/transport of goods, mowing, salt mining, fishing, woodworking, clay processing, metalworking/working with metal objects, processing bull horns, leather and fur processing, food production, beer production, trading, hunting, winegrowing and other occupations.
Keywords: Transylvania, occupation, work, profession, 11th-12th centuries, Middle Ages.

Abstract: The letters of surety of the serfs, frequently found in all the 17th-18th century family archives, allow us to observe some aspects related to the role of priests
in the community. The involvement of the Romanian priesthood in the life of the communities was diverse. Leaving aside the aspects pertaining to religious life, the documents point out various features of their status as well as the role they played due to their knowledge of writing and reading. The percentage of such documents
preserved to date represents, unfortunately, a tiny part of the existing total. The Romanian priest with the ranking of nobleman often appears in the position of arbitrator judge, as a witness at the closing of a letter of surety, and often he is himself a bailsman, guarantor for another serf. The vast majority of documents mentioning the involvement of the priest in warranty situations bear his seal and signature.
Keywords: Transylvania, letters of surety, Romanian priest, serfs, literacy

Abstract: The pursuit of criminals in Transylvania had been an important activity in the effort to maintaining public order and peace at the level of local communities. If
during the autonomous principality (XVI-XVII centuries) the search for criminals, thieves, rapists, arsonists, vagabonds, and other categories of criminals was organized at
the level of local administrations, starting with the XVIII century, with the integration of Transylvania into the Austrian Empire we are witnessing a repositioning of the
authorities against criminals and a resizing of the fight against crime.
Criminal proceedings are now being created and implemented to prosecute known and unknown suspects on the basis of operative data and, as aspects of absolute novelty, on the basis of the description of reports and clothing by victims or witnesses, true elements of archaic or proto-criminal forensics. It went, practically, from the local, sporadic pursuit, to the general one, organized at the level of the Grand Principality, thanks to the pursuit orders, elements of modernity that definitely increased the efficiency of the judicial structures.
A series of documents, mostly unpublished, discovered in the archives, allow us, based on exploring the case studies, to decipher the mechanisms of search, prosecution, detention, trial, and conviction of criminals. The present study presents some examples of this kind: criminals fleeing the scene, escaping from detention centers, fleeing from the administration’s escort, robbed merchants and goods stolen by robbers. All this proves that, from a legal point of view, the Transylvanian society of the XVIII-XIX centuries was in a state of continuous dynamic, change and modernization.
Keywords: criminal proceedings, Transylvania, XVIII-XIX centuries. Forensic identification, robbers, prosecutors, modernization.

Abstract: The first educational institution was documentary registered in the year 1522, the settlement on the Târnava Mare river having a rich scholar tradition. The XIXth
century brings with it an evolution of schooling in Sighișoara brought through by the reforms in the educational area which were marked by the introduction of a few modern
pedagogical laws and also by some new schooling institutions due to the nationalities living in the town and the schools specialites.
Thus forth we are looking at a school curriculae development and also at a raise in the educational level of the teaching staff, the large majority of them with doctorates
received at protestant German universities and with scientific preocupations at the Evangelical Gymnasium, which becomes one of the most prestigious educational
institutions in Transilvania.
On the other hand we see an evolution in the scientific school specialities, in the technical and trades specialities, mostly in the second half of the 19th century. Also, at the same time, there is a feminist movement growing in adepts, which are advocating for an evolution in education for girls. It is worth mentioning that during this century Hungarian and Romanian confessional schools will also develop. This evolution of the educational institutions will put its mark upon the development of the town economicaly, socially and culturally. We are looking at a community in which the role of the school is long-lasting and steadfastly well defined.
Sighișoara’s community offered schools a truly important role on the day to day basis. It was a town where the citizens were aware of the school’s role in educating the
young generation and molding them intelectually, a role expressed even today by the inscription on the building of old evengelical gymnasium and that is: Scola Seminarium
Reipublicae! (School is the seed bed of the country!).
Keywords: Sighișoara, school, confession, trade, pedagogical.

Abstract: The historical evolution of the legislation applicable in Transylvania reveals an interesting and changing picture, in a specific way for a peripheral province
located at the intersection of several historical influences. After an evolution marked by the preponderance of feudal law, especially the entry under the reign of Habsburg brought with it a series of reforms to modernize the legal provisions and their application, which led to profound changes in social life and mentality of the inhabitants. In this context, one of the most important trends was codification, along with the introduction of Enlightenment precepts. After the Theresian and Josephine reforms, the Austrian Law Codes were introduced only in the neo-absolutist decade, when direct political dependence on Vienna was able to defeat the primacy of Hungarian law. The moment of cleavage, in which the most politically based differences and tendencies in the choice for one or the other of the systems were most evident, was offered by the years of liberalism, in which there were also moments of uncertainty in the type of legislation that will be able to apply: the central authority, represented by the court chancellor and the provincial governor insisted on keeping the Austrian Codes as they were implemented, with the necessary changes, in the fifties, while the Hungarian political movement wanted the application of Hungarian law.
This paper, supplemented by a brief presentation of a lawsuit against money counterfeiters, illustrates all these aspects, mainly on aspects of the introduction of new law codes and the respective courts, an undertaking in which Karl Umlauff played an important role, and with brief considerations in the field of law enforcement and the prison system, trying to reveal lesser known elements of the oscillating evolution of Transylvania between several political influences, on the road to modernizing legislation.
Keywords: Transylvania, neoabsolutism, liberalism, Karl Umlauff, prisons, law codes.

Abstract: The present research aimed to analyze the main topics through which the newspaper published for peasants Șezătoarea [The social soire] tried to modernize the
Romanian rural world in the second half of the nineteenth century. Representing a particular type of press, dedicated primarily to the rural world, the newspapers published
for peasants disseminated the essential information of the period in the countryside area, „translating” the data transmitted to the villagers.
Our study focused on revealing the topics addressed by one of the most important publications of this time, Șezătoarea, which appeared between 1875–1882, initially in
Budapest and then in Oradea. Its editor was one of the most influential intellectuals of the Romanians within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Iosif Vulcan. He published one of the most long-lived and representative Romanian magazines, Familia Family. Through the studied gazette, various information was published, from those dedicated to agriculture, regarding new agricultural methods and techniques, the introduction of machine tools, to those dedicated to the economic field, the need to support children at school, especially those of trades, active participation in the economic life of Transylvania through the organization of village banks and agricultural associations, etc. All these topics and others were followed in the published articles. One of our research aims was to assess whether or not the publication had achieved its goal of publishing materials aimed at modernizing the Romanian rural world at the end of the nineteenth century.
Keywords: „Șezătoarea”, Iosif Vulcan, the newspapers published for peasants, press, Transylvania.

Abstract: In this article, we have proposed to bring a surplus of information regarding the first Romanian-Belgian trade exchanges, starting from the research of
historians. At the same time, the present text provides much more information about the activities of the first Belgian diplomats L. Bisschop and J. Poumay at the mouths of
the Danube ports, Galati and Brăila. We mention that the two Belgian consuls were active in rather difficult times, as Moldova and Wallachia were still under Ottoman
sovereignty, which did not offer full freedom to Romanian-Belgian exchanges.
A lot of attention is given to the banker Poumay due to his activity in the Romanian Principality for about twenty years, developing the economic exchanges between the two countries by bringing in new commercial companies, introducing new transport lines, changing and modernizing commercial treaties, etc.All these events took place simultaneously with the modernization of the Romanian Principalities, the Belgian diplomat also being a witness to Romanian history. We will note in the following pages the fact that despite the incidents that took place after 1869, Poumay remained loyal to the Romanian-Belgian trade until his death, occupying a privileged place in the history of Romanians and beyond.
Keywords: L. Bisschop, Poumay, diplomatie, commercial companies, Poumay Bank.

Abstract: The woman, an eternal story, directly or indirectly, has been throughout eras a major subject, also favoured by artists, writers, historians and sociologists. The art of character creation has always been a central point in criticism, both literary and cultural, as a direct result of the rapid ascension of cultural studies,
and postmodern revaluations.
The study broadens and refines current researches related to feminine typology in Romanian and world literature, paving the way to the national particularities of the Transylvanian genre, in order to preserve a valuable cultural-literary identity. Although increased attention is placed on portrayals of women in Romanian literature during the interwar period, the same cannot be said about the feminine representation in literature from the end of the 19th century – beginning of 20th century, with a few recent exceptions.
Keywords: character, feminine typology, Transylvanian literature, wife, mother.

Abstract: The Romanian press in Arad expressed concerns for the education of young Romanian women. The newspaper „Românul”, for example, inaugurated from the first issues of its appearance in January 1911, columns for women entitled Women’s Chronicle and The Housewife’s Notebook. It was intended to offer advice to Romanian women, especially those in front or at the beginning of their marriage. „In more culturally advanced nations, issues such as how could the peasantess acquire a culture as solid as possible were also approached”. This was the motivation for which the newspaper wanted to contribute to the education of women. In order to bring new arguments that would impel such a concern in the Romanian society in Transylvania, the newspaper’s editorial staff used examples of good practices, presenting the measures applied within the German society.
The same newspaper „Românul”, proved to be a promoter of modern women’s clothing. In the article “Baggy trousers in Arad”, the author spoke admiringly about the new fashion, because „it was not possible for Arad, this city with an American ambition, to lag behind the others”. The appearance in Arad of a young lady dressed in baggy trousers provoked a reaction from the conservative crowd. The journalist, however, turned out to be a visionary: „Probably, the more the demonstrations will be repeated, the more the beauties will want to wear such trousers”. And so it happened !
Keywords: wife, mother, education, tradition, modernization.

Abstract: During 2018-2019, Satu Mare County Museum, in partnership with National Archives of Romania – Satu Mare County Office, carried out a project to identify and digitize documents related to the national struggle of Romanians in Satu Mare County area, but also to establish the Romanian administration in this region. A large number of documents related to the organization of the delegations attending the Great National Assembly, the period of the Hungarian Directorate of Satu Mare County, the entry of the Romanian Army and the release of these regions from the leadership of the Hungarian Bolsheviks, the organization of the military and civil administration, the taking the oath towards the Romanian state of the Hungarian officials, the economic and financial problems experienced by the new administration, the establishment of the
border between Romania and Hungary or Romania and Czechoslovakia, which directly influenced the Satu Mare county. There are official documents of the Romanian or Hungarian civil and military authorities and personal documents (letters, telegrams, journals, memories, notes etc.). The digitized documents are part of the cultural heritage of the Satu Mare County Museum, of the National Archives of Romania – Satu Mare County Office, the National Archives of Romania from Maramureș and the National Central Historic Archives. The entire collective of the History Department of Satu Mare County Museum was involved, supported by the colleagues from the National Archives of Romania – Satu Mare County Office.
Keywords: Satu Mare County, archives, army, Romanian administration, frontier.

Abstract: The purpose of the present study is to highlight the process of modernization of the medical field in Sălaj County after World War I. This study is based on original documentary sources, belonging to the following arhival funds: Sanitary Service of Sălaj County; The Prefecture of Sălaj County etc. and unauthentic
sources dealing with similar subjects.
The end of World War 1 brings out the need of reinvention in the Sanitary System, as well as projecting new evolutional landmarks dictated by the political, territorial, social and economic changes after 1918.
All in all, the implementing of the corresponding sanitary legislation, mixed with the effort of the authorities preoccupied with the finding of capital and sustainable
ways of development for the medical sector, accentuate its chances of evolution and project its own way through modernization.
Keywords: sanitary, physicians, epidemic, midwives, hospitals, Sălaj county.

Abstract: Founded 102 years ago, as the first Institute of National History in Romania (1920), over time affiliated to the Cluj University and to the Romanian Academy, the current Institute of History „George Barițiu” in Cluj-Napoca had a major objective, pursued with obstination since its foundation until today, in spite of the political regimes and ideological dictatorships interfering with its century-long existence. Its aim is no other than safeguarding and capitalizing the Romanian, Central and Southeast European documentary heritage. The method chosen in order to achieve this goal is editing documents of medieval, premodern, modern and contemporary history. The exceptional human capital, that the History Institute from Cluj knew how to cultivate from generation to generation, has produced the experts needed, especially, in Latin and Romanian, Hungarian and German palaeographies. The scientific results are reflected in research and publications counting more than 100 critical editions of documents and over 80 monographs and volumes of studies with document annexes, published in not less than 22 collections, as follows: 1. Documente privind Istoria României. C. Transilvania (DIR) (Documents regarding the History of Romania. C. Transylvania), 6 vol., 1951-1955; 2. Documenta Romaniae
Historica. Seria C. Transilvania (DRH) (Historical Documents of Romania. Series C. Transylvania), 7 vol., 1977-2014; 3. Documenta Romaniae Historica. Seria D. Relații între Țările Române (Historical Documents of Romania. Series D. Relations between the Romanian Lands), 1 vol., 1977; 4. Glossaries of medieval Latin, 3 vol., 1965-2010; 5. Conscripţia fiscală a Transilvaniei din anul 1750 (The Fiscal Conscription of Transylvania from the Year 1750), 5 vol., 2009-2016; 6. Izvoarele Răscoalei lui Horea, seria A. Diplomataria (The Sources of Horea’s Uprisal, Series A. Acts), 12 vol., 1982- 2012; 7. Izvoarele Răscoalei lui Horea, seria B. Izvoare narative (The Sources of Horea’s Uprisal, Series B. Narrative Sources), 5 vol., 1983-2007; 8. Silviu Dragomir’s collection Studii și documente privitoare la Revoluția românilor din Transilvania în anii 1848-1849 (Studies and Documents regarding the Revolution of the Romanians in Transylvania in the Years 1848-1849), 4 vol., 1944-1946; 9. Documente privind revoluția de la 1848 în Țările Române. C. Transilvania (Documents regarding the Revolution of 1848 in the Romanian Lands. C. Transylvania), 12 vol., 1977-2020; 10. Volumes of post-1848 church documents, 5 vol., 2011-2014; 11. Mișcarea națională a românilor din Transilvania între 1849-1918 (The National Movement of the Romanians from Transylvania between 1849-1918), 8 vol., 1996-2019; 12. Correspondence of George Bariț și contemporanii săi (George Bariț and His Contemporaries), 10 vol., 1973-2003; 13. Correspondence of Vincențiu Babeș, 2 vol., 1976-1983; 14. Correspondence of Valeriu Braniște, 6 vol., 1985-1996; 15. Documenta Masonica [1867-1918], 2 vol., 2011-2013; 16. Bibliografia Istorică a României (Historical Bibliography of Romania), 14 vol., 1970-2010; 17. Volumes including the history of the Institute of History in Cluj and the bibliography of its members’ works, 3 vol., 2008-2011; 18. Dicționarul Membrilor Institutului de Istorie din Cluj (1920-2020) (Dictionary of the Members of the Institute of History in Cluj, 1920-2020), 1 vol., 2020; 19. Biblioteca Institutului de Istorie Națională (Library of the Institute of National History), 22 vol., 1928-1948; 20. Biblioteca Institutului de Istorie Cluj. Serie nouă (Library of the History Institute Cluj. New Series), 10 vol., 1994-2008; 21. Collection of Teze de doctorat (Doctoral Theses), 27 vol., 2010-2020; 22. Collection of Biografii istorice transilvane (BIT, Transylvanian Historical Biographies), 18 vol., 2006-2021.
Our study is followed by the exhaustive bibliography of the above mentioned collections edited by the History Institute in Cluj.
Keywords: Institute of History ”George Barițiu” in Cluj-Napoca, documentary heritage, collections edited and published by the History Institute in Cluj.

Abstract: This paper aims to analyze the use of the theme of industrialization in the communist propaganda discourse in Romania in 1945-1965. According to the
communist ideological paradigm, modernization was intrinsically linked to industrialization, understood as a denial of the local economic model of development, in which agriculture played an important role.
In the sense of communism, the concept of modernization has known alienating forms, and the image of the „new man” has multiplied through the numerous examples offered by proletarian literature. We will highlight, therefore, the various typologies of this character (illustrative for the positioning of the proletariat, as the axis of the communist formula), in connection with the structural-social changes of quantitative type, generated by the manifestations of the industrialization process as such, corresponding to the first stage of Romanian communization. Oscillating between utopia and concrete achievements, between the clichés of party politics and the need to overcome objective social handicaps, industrialization in communist Romania eventually came to represent a true symbol of the triumph of the new proletarian ideology. The model was found in the Soviet one, the original source of the articulation of all the discourses of the Far-East-Central-Eastern European Left. On the other hand, to reduce everything to ideology and clichés, seems to us an error, as long as capitalist Romania was an example of blatant social inequalities, against the background of an economy that had serious delays, compared to the situation of other European states.
Modernization was absolutely necessary, and industrialization was a necessary argument for a broad process in this regard. Communist ideology will apply it (but) according to its specific paradigm, and literature will become the main mirror of the reflection of this obsession. A literature of a low aesthetic level, lacking authenticity and which (with very few exceptions) is of interest today only to literary historians or researchers of the totalitarian phenomenon. A literature that represented only the
equivalent of communist dogmas and that insisted on the concept of „New Man”, which they considered a symbol of the world that the communists were to build. However, this
symbol was in reality the equivalent of the deepest antihumanism.
Keywords: Industrialization, Communism, Romania, Literature, Propaganda.

Abstract: The insertion of Soviet models in Romanian culture after the Second World War and the imposition of socialist realism as a unique method of creation from 1948 were outclassed in the mid-1960s, when an attempt was made to revalue artists and writers’ modernity and creative integrity. The phenomenon is also noticeable in the evolution of Romanian cinema, which now records a revitalization of co-productions with the participation of Western directors, actors and production houses, in parallel with the affirmation of the Epic of National Film’s project, which represents the national reaction and delimitation of Moscow policy in the field of culture. The Romanian documentary film comes out of the tight strap of politics and subjects pertinent to socialist realism, choosing subjects from the fine and elitist universe of the arts; the fiction film begins to deal with sometimes awkward themes in the era, the controlled opening of the second half of the seventh decade also allowing for less rigid productions, which leaves room for interpretation. The gradual overcoming of ideological conventions is observable in action, adventure, love, comedy, western, detective, thriller, SF movies. After 1965 and in the ’70s, comedy films, westerns or inspired by cape and sword films were made, in accordance with the filmography of the period in the West, and the Romanian musical presented other characteristics and sources of inspiration compared to the musical art proposed in USSR and in a number of Eastern European states, referring directly to classical productions of the genre in the West. In the mid-1960s, there was an evolution of music in the sense of modern forms (at that time symbolized by the dodecaphonism of the second Viennese school). In the field of visual arts, there was an emancipation of creative models and techniques, alternative art becoming a symbol of connecting the Romanian cultural process to Western Europe.
Keywords: Romanian communism, controlled cultural emancipation, cinema, visual arts.