LXIII Series Historica 2024
The Yearbook of the “George Barițiu” Institute of History in Cluj-Napoca, Vol. LXIII, Series Historica, 2024
MEDIEVAL SOURCES AND THEIR INTERPRETATIONS
Konrad Gündisch
Das „Privilegium Andreanum” von 1224: Ein „goldener Freibrief” für die Siebenbürger Sachsen
DOI: 10.59277/AIIGB/2024.63.01
Abstract
Abstract: The privilege granted by the Hungarian King Andrew II in 1224 to the later so-called Transylvanian Saxons is considered a fundamental document that sustainably promoted, and indeed enabled, the political, economic, and cultural development of these „guests” invited to the country. This article starts by outlining the historical context in which the privilege was granted. It then analyzes and contextualizes the central immunities conferred by this charter: personal freedom and group autonomy, self-administration and jurisdiction, autonomous church, inalienability of the territory granted for settlement, regulated taxes and duties (military service, hospitality), the right to use their own seal, economic benefits that promoted the emergence of urban structures. Special attention is given to the first seal and its models.
Keywords: Transylvania, Transylvanian Saxons, Géza II, Andrew II, privilege, medieval history, urban development, sigillography.
Maria Frînc
Documente medievale într-un inventar modern. Cazul arhivei orașului și scaunului Sebeș
DOI: 10.59277/AIIGB/2024.63.02
Abstract
Abstract: Initially created out of a practical necessity, that of facilitating the tracking of goods, inventories are also attributed a cultural value, encompassing the cultural wealth of a community. Gradually, written sources lose their legal value, being replaced by historical value. In this context, documents are viewed as witnesses of the past, very important for development of local identity. Some letters have been lost over time, but their existence can be argued through mentions in inventories. Thus, the inventories of a community’s institution, created repeatedly and at different times, are important indicators for recovering local history and outlining the community’s cultural value. The inventory of the town and district of Sebeș fits into this interpretative key of representing the community’s cultural value and local history.
Keywords: inventory, medieval charters, archive, memory, culture heritage.
Adinel C. Dincă
Patru incunabule în biblioteca bisericii parohiale Sf. Margareta din Mediaș. O propunere de contextualizare cultural-istorică
DOI: 10.59277/AIIGB/2024.63.03
Abstract
Abstract: This paper takes a closer look at the four incunabula owned now by the St. Margaret parish church in Mediaș (one of them previously unknown to the scholarly environment), engaging into a multifaceted debate concerning provenance research, transmission of library and archive materials, and the relevance of cultural heritage for local communities.
Keywords: Incunabula, parish libraries, Franciscans, Mediaș, Albești, Transylvania, Late Middle Ages.
Andreea Mârza
Opera ştiinţifică a episcopului Transilvaniei Ignác Batthyány: sursă pentru edițiile de documente
DOI: 10.59277/AIIGB/2024.63.04
Abstract
Abstract: Ignác Batthyány (1741–1798), the most famous Transylvanian bishop of the second half of the 18th century, had an inclination for research, which is proved by the scientific work he left behind. However, his position at the head of the Catholic Church did not allow him to devote himself solely to science. In this context, he called on various people who copied documents needed by the prelate, which he used in his work. Of these works, we mention only two Leges Ecclesiasticae, vol. I–III, 1785–1827 and Sancti Gerardi episcopi Chanadiensis Scripta, et Acta hactenus inedita, cum serie episcoporum Chanadiensium, 1790. The copies used – some of them made or brought by Imre Dániel, his librarian, some by acquaintances or even the bishop himself – are preserved in the collection of the Batthyaneum library. Some, those brought by Dániel from Italy or Austria, are preserved in volumes, others, which apparently were used or were to be included in works, are preserved in folders (15 in number).
Our curiosity on this subject was aroused by the remark made by Mrs Doina Hendre Biro, who, in one of the works she edited, claimed that the writings of the Transylvanian prelate are neither the object of research nor of bibliographical reference. In this context, we have browsed through the main corpus of documents concerning the history of Transylvania and we have compiled in the Appendix a list of the acts that mention in the bibliography the two main works of the bishop. We found about 20 documents. In addition to this, some of the documents contain a number of remarks and comments by the editors of the two corpora on variants of certain terms. These comments can be found in the footnotes, so by default, they also refer to Ignác Batthyány’s works.
Keywords: Ignác Batthyány, scientific work, library, copies, corpus of documents, bibliography.
Lidia Gross
„Opt articole pentru liniștea și disciplinarea orașului Bistrița” (1542)
DOI: 10.59277/AIIGB/2024.63.05
Abstract
Abstract: The eight articles covered in this study were developed in a unique context for the city of Bistrița, which was influenced by both external factors (a new political situation, the organization of the Principality of Transylvania) and internal urban tensions and conflicts, which were exacerbated by the authoritarian personality of Thomas Wallendorfer, town judge and senator in the third and fourth decades of the 16th century. None of the articles have been published before and have never been capitalized by historiography. The Saxon University assembly, which met in Bistrița in February of 1542, decided to burn the town book (which dates from 1531–1541), which was thought to be a source of social unrest because of slander that had been placed in its pages, in order to restore social order and bring peace to the community.The events of 1542 highlight the significance of the Saxon University as an integrating institution; the decisions made, while having a local impact, really target the entire territorial corpus, preventing any of the “parts” that comprise it from exhibiting instability or fragility. This study also emphases the patricians’ contribution to the development of urban culture and civilization, particularly in light of the urban notaries’ activity as representatives of the intellectual elite.
Keywords: Bistrița, urban community, town book, Saxon University, town notary.
Michal Franko
Wine Selling in Little Carpathia (15th–17th Century)
DOI: 10.59277/AIIGB/2024.63.06
Abstract
Abstract: In this study, we draw attention to the basic principles of the right to sell alcoholic beverages and using the example of the cities of Little Carpathian, we will bring closer the implementation of the wine selling and distribution itself in the Little Carpathian region in the period from the 15th to the 17th century. In the urban environment of the Little Carpathian region, in the 16th century, the right to sell (hist. right to tap) was fundamentally modified and split into the right to sell for cities and the right to sell for individuals – townspeople. This right acquired new specifics in the observed period, and in the Little Carpathian region significant differences can be observed in its application in the following centuries, especially between individuals and cities.The study also clarifies the implementation of the wine distribution in the cities of Little Carpathian and at the same time points out its regularities and specifics in the urban environment.The wine cellar had fixed rules in Little Carpathian towns, and their violation was severely sanctioned by the authorities.This way of selling wine was maintained in the Little Carpathian region until the middle of the 20th century.
Keywords: Little Carpathian region, Ius educilli, tap, wine distribution, wine selling, wine, Bratislava.
FAMILY, JUSTICE, MENTALITIES
Daniela Deteșan
Femei la tribunal: justiție bisericească, sentimente și sentințe în sudul Transilvaniei la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea
DOI: 10.59277/AIIGB/2024.63.07
Abstract
Abstract: Why should we care about women’s divorce in modern Transylvania? Although it was relatively marginal and difficult-to-measure phenomenon, it is about time to open the floor for an inspiring debate and to take few steps further. Until now remarkably little interest has been devoted to investigate the women’s ordinary life, especially the “rule-breaking family women”.
Couples in difficulty usually had recourse to divorce and 528 cases of this type were found in Săliște ecclesiastical archive for the period 1860 to 1890. Women were the plaintiffs 57% of the time and complained of the leaving the marital home, adultery, brutality and alcoholism of their spouses.
This article intends to reconstruct the divorce proceedings by observing them through the lens of female experience. The article aims to fill in the gap in historical family demographic research by describing and explaining the status and roles of women in Romanian family.
Keywords: womens, divorce, family, ecclesiastical courts, Romanians, Transylvania.
Ela Cosma
Proclamația lui Avram Iancu din 4 martie 1849 și instituționalizarea justiției românești în Ardeal
DOI: 10.59277/AIIGB/2024.63.08
Abstract
Abstract: The proclamation issued by general prefect Avram Iancu in Câmpeni on 4 March 1849 can be considered the „birth certificate” of the Romanian justice in Transylvania, defined, instituted and organized in the Land of Motz (Țara Moților) by the young lawyer (even if for a very short period of time). Our article critically presents the contents of the proclamation, as well as the Romanian juridical concepts and the Romanian legal institutions introduced by Iancu in spring and summer 1849, in the harsh context of the ongoing severe national defence war unfolded in the Western Carpathians (Munții Apuseni). Iancu’s appointment of tribune Ioan Sterca Șuluțiu and of Iosif Sterca Șuluțiu as primary judge (county judge) in Câmpeni (4 March 1849) and administrator of the Zarand county (May–July 1849) are also detailed and explained by means of several documents and letters dated January–July 1849. Based on the ethnohistorical research unfolded by Teofil Frâncu, George Candrea (1888) and Joe Gherman (1937) in the Land of Motz and the Western Carpathians, we finally analyse the village seats of law (scaunele sătești) and community courts (judecătoriile comunale) pertaining to the Romanian consuetudinary law (Jus Valachicum) between 1849–1937.
Keywords: Avram Iancu’s proclamation of 4 March 1849, Romanian justice in Transylvania, Romanian legal institutions, primary judge, village seats of law, community courts.
Mircea-Gheorghe Abrudan
Relațiile Mitropolitului Andrei baron de Șaguna cu preotul cărturar Sava Popovici-Barcianu din Rășinari
DOI: 10.59277/AIIGB/2024.63.09
Abstract
Abstract: Located a mere 12 km away from Sibiu, the Romanian commune of Rășinari, historically recorded in 1488, is well known within the borders of Transylvania and Romania in general for the beauty of its landscapes and the richness of its folkloric, ethnographic and culinary traditions, but even more so for the value and national relevance of its historical, cultural, spiritual and ecclesiastical heritage. Rășinari’s cultural, historical and human treasury has been increased and amplified over time by the exceptional personalities that it has given to the Romanian nation, to its culture and spirituality, as well as by the illustrious figures who have indelibly linked their names to this community. Two famous clergymen of the second half of the 19th century hold places in Rășinari’s hall of fame, namely the scholar-priest Sava Popovici-Barcianu (1814–1879), himself a son of the commune, a polyglot writer and spiritual father of the Orthodox community, and Metropolitan Andrei, Baron of Șaguna (1809–1873), an adopted son of the commune, who became so attached to it and to its inhabitants that he decided to be buried next to the main church dedicated to the Holy Trinity, built between 1800 and 1814, so that the mausoleum of Metropolitan Șaguna has come to be one of the most renowned and visited tourist and religious landmarks in Rășinari. This study aims to reconstruct the ecclesiastical, cultural, national and amicable ties between the famous hierarch of Sibiu and the priest and writer Sava Popovici-Barcianu, one of his closest and most devoted collaborators.
Keywords: Romanian Orthodox Church, Austrian Empire, Transylvania, Romanian national movement, 19th century, local elites.
Vlad Popovici
Un funcționar și preocupările sale în afara oficiului: Ioan Corbu (1873–1954)
DOI: 10.59277/AIIGB/2024.63.10
Abstract
Abstract: The paper offers a short biographical glimpse on a Romanian civil servant from Transylvania at the beginning of the 20th century: Ioan Corbu. He spent most of his life in the service of Beszterce-Naszód/Bistrița-Năsăud County, first at the Orphanage see, then at the County Law Court, and had an average bureaucratic career. His interests however were lying closer to the field of arts and science, while his social- political opinions were made of entwined nationalist feelings and socialist ideals. He was part of the Romanian students’ committee during the Memorandum lawsuit, but shortly after he wrote a socialist manifesto, followed by an atheist one. In the early 1900s he developed an astronomical theory for which he claimed priority over professional scientists, wrote literature, popular science and social-political articles in the Romanian journals of the time. I. Corbu was actively involved in the 1918 political and administrative shift of power in his home county, but the regime change did not boost his career. Instead, he continued his scientific work related mostly to astronomy, trying to achieve national and international recognition, while at the same time editing a freely distributed personal review which became a sort of public diary. Throughout his life he constantly supported, actively and financially, many literary and scientific societies as well as civic initiatives. While the range, diversity and relentlessness of his activities greatly surpass the average civil servant preoccupations, they remain testimony of the multifold identities, loyalties and doctrinary options that characterized the Romanian middle class in Transylvania at the beginning of the 20th century.
Keywords: civil servants, Transylvania, Beszterce-Naszód/Bistrița-Năsăud county, Socialism, popular science.
Ionuț Alexandru Popa
Regimul deținuților din Penitenciarul Aiud reflectat în inspecțiile procurorilor (1939–1941)
DOI: 10.59277/AIIGB/2024.63.11
Abstract
Abstract: This article analyses the detention regime of those incarcerated in Aiud penitentiary between 1939 and 1941. This study combines qualitative and quantitative analysis to investigate on one hand the conditions of cells (clothing, medical assistance, hygiene, and diet) and, on the other hand, the prison staff, the penal division, the distribution of work and the administrative staff and security. The research is innovative because it is based on the reports that the prosecutors produced during the inspections, which were discovered in the initial funds of the Alba Tribunal Prosecutor’s Office.
Keywords: regime, prisoner, penitentiary, Aiud, prosecutor.
SOCIETY, CULTURE, MINORITIES
Melinda Gabriela Keresztes
Gimnaziul din Arad la interferența influențelor ecleziastice și laice (1745–1867)
DOI: 10.59277/AIIGB/2024.63.12
Abstract
Abstract: In this study, we propose to bring to the forefront an innovative subject, namely, the pedagogy of the Gymnasium in Arad, during the period 1745–1867. The proposed approach is based on three research tracks, intended to provide an analysis of the teaching methods employed in the Gymnasium in Arad when educational laws were issued in the Habsburg Empire.
To begin with, we delve into the formation of the Gymnasium in Arad, thus tracking the changes that occurred at the pedagogical level both after the issuance of the Ratio Educationis law (1777) and the second law, Ratio educatione publicae (1806). Through the next research track, we aim to present how pedagogical activities were conducted with the students. In the final part of the material, we draw the reader’s attention to some manuals that were used by students and teachers in gymnasiums.
This scientific endeavor is based on several research questions: Do the Minorites still teach at the Gymnasium in Arad after the issuance of the educational laws? What was studied in a gymnasium? What does the new educational law of 1806 bring to pedagogy compared to the one from 1777? These questions arise from the necessity of understanding how pedagogy was structured in the Gymnasium in Arad during the period of educational reforms.
Keywords: education, gymnasium, Franciscan friars, teachers, Arad, Habsburg Monarchy.
Bárdi Nándor
Supremație și aspirații de autodeterminare. Propuneri,
planuri și documente maghiare în vederea soluționării problemei
Transilvaniei (1918–1940)
DOI: 10.59277/AIIGB/2024.63.13
Abstract
Abstract: This paper presents some Hungarian perspectives on the Transylvanian question between the two world wars. The core issue of the Transylvanian question lies in the challenge of integrating the region amidst parallel nation-building efforts and the administration of a multi-ethnic territory. The proposed plans can be broadly categorized based on whether they require border adjustments. The documents under consideration encompass plans for border modifications, proposals for Transylvanian independence or autonomy within another state, minority protection acts, and proposals for national (Hungarian, Szekler) territorial or cultural autonomy. Around 1920, plans related to border changes were created, and then between 1928 and 1931, following the decentralization efforts of the National Peasant Party, various ideas of minority autonomy came to light. In the latter half of the 1930s, there was a simultaneous emergence of ideas for border revisions and strategies to address minority concerns within the existing state structure. The paper will begin by categorizing the various options and delineating the objectives. Subsequently, it will examine the pre-1916 plans and those formulated during the transition of power. It will then analyze distinctively the perspectives of the Budapest governments and the Hungarian elite in Romania.
Keywords: Romanian nationality policy, Hungarian nationality policy, revision, autonomy plans, Szekler autonomy, minority law.
Corneliu Pintilescu
Ottmar Traşcă
Practici şi structuri ale propagandei naziste în rândul germanilor din România: un referat redactat de Otto Rudolf Liess privind presa de limbă germană din România (1940–1944)
DOI: 10.59277/AIIGB/2024.63.14
Abstract
Abstract: The article deals with the emergence and structure of the institutional system in charge with coordinating the Nazi propaganda activity among Romanian Germans and carrying out the Gleichschaltung of the German press in Romania. After providing an overview of the process of Nazification of the German periodicals in Romania, the article focuses on an archival document from 1958 authored by Otto Rudolf Liess, former head of a key department within the Office for Propaganda and Press of the German Ethnic Group in Romania. Although dominated by a tendency to justify his activity within this Nazi dominated political organization, the document drafted by Liess provides us useful information concerning the emergence, structure and everyday functioning of the Office for Propaganda and Press.
Keywords: Otto Rudolf Liess, Nazification, Interwar Romania, Propaganda,Press.
Veronica Turcuș
Ponderea studiului limbii italiene în învățământul superior din România după 1948
DOI: 10.59277/AIIGB/2024.63.15
Abstract
Abstract: The present study aims, based on some unpublished documents from 1949 due to Italian diplomacy, to reconstruct some sequences from the difficult path of the evolution of Italian studies in Romania under the regime of people’s democracy. Promoted especially in the interwar years in the context of the national cultural policy supported by Unified Romania as well as during the Second World War due to the political-military alliances of the moment, the study of the Italian language and literature in Romanian higher education institutions will be considerably restricted after 1948, once with the establishment of the hegemony of the Russian language and literature in the field. The present contribution focuses its attention both on the evolution of Italian studies in the structure of the Universities of Bucharest, Iași and Cluj, as well as on the destiny of the study of the Italian language in the Higher Institutes dedicated to economic sciences or in the Polytechnics, following the perception of Italian diplomacy and the considerations on the subject of the representatives of Italy in Bucharest.
Keywords: Italian Studies, Romanian higher education, People’s democracy, Italian diplomacy.
Ioana Florea
Centralization and Uniformization. Sport and Leisure in the Bucharest German Daily „Neuer Weg” in the Second Half of the 1960s
DOI: 10.59277/AIIGB/2024.63.16
Abstract
Abstract: Following the onset of the communist regime in Romania and the „denazification” process that the Germans in Romania underwent because of their involvement in the politics of the German Ethnic Group in Romania (Deutsche Volksgruppe in Rumänien) during the Second World War, the German Anti-Fascist Committee of the Romanian People’s Republic (Deutsches Antifaschistisches Komitee der Rumänischen Volksrepublik) was founded and its official newspaper, the centralized daily „Neuer Weg”, was created in 1949 as the sole newspaper in German language in the whole country. The present article analyses the sports coverage and the leisure columns within this newspaper, concentrating on the second half of the 1960s that politically constituted a somewhat positive evolution after the post-war harsh totalitarian era. From a sporting perspective, this period was characterized by an upswing that led to outstanding international performances by Romanian athletes. The sporting coverage in „Neuer Weg” is analysed by means of a series of case studies on the reporting of those international competitions where some of these performances were achieved. The identitarian and discursive shift that the Germans in Romania were bound to undergo in order to become „worthy” citizens of the socialist Romania was visible also in the sporting coverage in German language, where expressions such as „our team” or „our players” no longer referred to German teams and athletes in Romania (as it was the case in the interwar period) but to Romanian ones, since all German clubs and associations in Romania had been dissolved in the post-war years and the German athletes in Romania were bound to integrate in Romanian clubs and in the Romanian sports movement as a whole.
Keywords: „Neuer Weg”, sports coverage, leisure columns, handball, tennis, football, cycling.
OPINIONS, HISTORIOGRAPHYCAL DEBATES
Antoinette Fauve-Chamoux
Toward a Family History Without Frontiers
DOI: 10.59277/AIIGB/2024.63.17
Abstract
Abstract: The first part of this essay presents the teaching and research tradition put into practice by the Annales School of history, in France since 1929 and how its academic interdisciplinary spirit adapted over the years, with continuity and changes, keeping its flexibility and original innovative scientific potential, with an historical approach transcending space and time limits. The following part gives examples of topics discussed in the frame of Antoinette Fauve-Chamoux research seminar series hold between 2002 and 2023, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) in Paris, School of advanced studies in the social sciences, sessions dedicated to presentations and discussions related to the comparative history of the family and reproduction systems. Among other interests, these included socio-differentiation, poverty, health, care, marriage, family structure and models of transmission, female strategies, labour and resilience facing crisis, keeping a gender approach as a priority. The last part of the article unravels the launching of a new History of the Family research seminar series, at “George Barițiu” Institute of History of the Romanian Academy, Cluj-Napoca, for building comparative interdis- ciplinary frameworks towards a history of the family without frontiers. It is time to take account of emerging new family models, supported by digital communication, as the development of transnational families or new forms of family formation, in a context of globalisation, currently favouring events of the day and short-term memories. It is argued that whatever new research tools and quantitative sources largely available, it is important to have a secure discussion forum encouraging free debates within academic networks, allowing independent brainstorming without any frontiers of space or time.
Keywords: Family history, Annales school, multidisciplinary, globalisation, gender, family strategies.
Peter Urbanitsch
Historical Science and Politics: The Case of Die Habsburgermonarchie 1848–1918
DOI: 10.59277/AIIGB/2024.63.18
Abstract
Abstract: One of the most important research and publication projects of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, the series „Die Habsburgermonarchie 1848-1918” was born out of an idea at the end of the Second World War, not only out of the scientific interest in researching one of the great empires in history, but also out of the need to explore possible historical models for the reconstruction of Europe, which was then divided into ideological blocs after the torments of war. One of the prerequisites for this project, which was planned to last several decades, was therefore to involve experts from both the West and the East. This is how the twelve volumes of the series came about, covering aspects ranging from the political establishment, legislation and parlia- mentarism to everyday life, culture and the First World War. One of the main editors of these volumes, Peter Urbanitsch, describes in this article how the idea of such a broad and internationally sustained publication project was born and depicts the development of the volumes describing the reception of these contributions and the lively interest shown by both politicians and experts. In the context of contemporary challenges facing the European Union, such as federalism and centralism, or the impact of nationalisms, he concludes that the highly complex development of the Habsburg monarchy and many of the scientific discoveries achieved may be relevant for present and future Europe.
Keywords: Habsburgermonarchie, 1848–1918, Transleithanien, Cisleithanien, First World War.
Tudor Salanțiu
Time, Space, and Their Meanings
DOI: 10.59277/AIIGB/2024.63.19
Abstract
Abstract: The events meanings that are locked in time and space appear in evolution process as historical descriptions. Nevertheless, the interpretation of meanings by the theories of international relations involves limitations that highlight either historical themes (security, political interest, and realpolitik) or episodic meanings (history, economy, and philosophy). The difficulty in establishing an interpretative background for meaning description consists in identifying the convergence between historical understanding and how to explain the continuity in the context of the present. The classical paradigms neglected the potential modes of localization in time and space that were possibly subversive. In opposition, post-structuralism emphasizes the continuity of meanings in the logic of international structuration in a way that transcends the self and the own identity through cultural dimensions. Due to that, the theories recognize that between structuration and transformation, there is localization of the meanings and historical perspective over bifurcation moments. According with the present complexity, the theories of international relations needs refashioning into a tool of this information interpretation and his philosophical sense. We dare to develop a deconstruction framework and seek to establish it in philosophical interpretation of international reality.
Keywords: meanings description, localization, theories of international relations, historical knowledge, critical theories.
Lia Brad Chisacof
Engleza ca limbă cunoscută: o carte ignorată despre Transilvania secolului al XIX-lea
DOI: 10.59277/AIIGB/2024.63.20
Abstract
Abstract: A perusal of an ignored book dedicated mainly to the second half of the 19th Century Transylvania makes up the following article. Its author, William James Tucker is quite unknown and seems to have authored just one book. To believe his own identification he was an English, teacher of English language, in search of a job in central Europe. He is nevertheless quite likely to have accepted a task out of which the book was issued, namely to check the degree of ethnic resentments mainly in Transylvania with a special stress on anti-semitism.
Keywords: William James Tucker, Transylvania, anti-semitism, imagology, travel literature.
Șerban Turcuș
Garda de Fier într-un raport militaro-diplomatic italian din 1934 adresat lui Benito Mussolini: evaluare, colaborare, finanțare
DOI: 10.59277/AIIGB/2024.63.21
Abstract
Abstract: The history of the Iron Guard, an interwar extremist organization, is well known. However, there are some documents that highlight little-known diplomatic assessments. The present study focuses on two diplomatic-military evaluations from 1934 of the Italian Legation in Bucharest. Italy’s interest in the Iron Guard is affirmed, but only for the future, meanwhile for the year 1934 the movement is to be followed and evaluated. The lack of a solid ideological affiliation between the Iron Guard and Italian fascism is demonstrated by the Italian side. For Italian diplomacy, the extreme right association can be useful in the competition with France and the Nazi regime. According to diplomatic assessments, the Nazi regime financed the Iron Guard, but no longer does so, demanding guarantees for the future. The Italian side claims that a possible financing of the Romanian extreme right must be done only when the Iron Guard will be close to taking power.
Keywords: Iron Guard, Fascism, Italy, diplomacy, financial support.
Narcis Dorin Ion
Opoziție în război. Iuliu Maniu în atenția Serviciului Special de informații (martie – iunie 1943)
DOI: 10.59277/AIIGB/2024.63.22
Abstract
Abstract: The article Opposition at war. Iuliu Maniu in the attention of the Special Intelligence Service (March – June 1943) presents aspects of Iuliu Maniu’s political activity as they were recorded for three months, between March and June 1943, in the follow up reports made by Special Intelligence Service’ officers, but also of other operative structures for political surveillance. Even though the special dialogue between the leader of the National Peasants’Party and Marshal Ion Antonescu, the head of the state, worked during the war years, the political supervision of Iuliu Maniu also continued in everyday life, with an almost German rigor.
Unedited documents from the former Romanian secret services’archives come to complete the biography of the one who, with an exemplary attitude, proved to be, in times of peace and war, a valiant defender of democracy and human rights, principles for which he will pay with his life, in Sighet prison, in 1953, after he had been unjustly convicted by a military tribunal orchestrated by the communists at the request of the „Big Brother from East”.
Keywords: Iuliu Maniu, Marshal Ion Antonescu, Gheorghe Tătărescu, King Carol II, King Mihai I, opposition, shadowing, surveillance, war.
